Let’s look to microfinance as an inspiration for this point. There are numerous institutions with proven models and approaches, and there is clearly a huge and growing demand for microfinance. Yet, microfinance is still a tiny fraction of conventional finance and Islamic finance alike. Microfinance institutions face significant challenges to raise funds and have sufficient liquidity, even when they perform well. This can be attributed to various reasons, most commonly the perception that the risks are high, and also because returns tend to be relatively lower. There may also be the consideration of market positioning, where financial institutions may prefer more ostentatious branding to attract a wealthier customer base. With crowdfunding, it is the people who dictate where money flows to. Microfinance has proven to be highly attractive to the crowd, with a pioneer platform kiva.org having facilitated more than a billion dollars of micro-loans to businesses and low-income individuals around the world. The direct-from-Kiva loan model is zero-interest – essentially a Qard-al Hassan or ‘benevolent loan’ where there is no additional benefit to the lender, while campaigns through field partners will typically involve fees or interest charged by the partner.
In Indonesia, there has been a proliferation of personal and consumer loans through P2P financing. Most though are outright interest-based and some even charge predatory rates, which the local regulators are clamping down on. Recently, several Muslim-focused platforms have emerged, with most of them still processing P2P and crowdfunding licenses and thus have yet to go-to-market. The segment being served here is mainly those who would not be able to get financing from traditional financial institutions, mainly due to a lack of formal income documents or blemishes in their credit records. Through the utilisation of customer and market data, crowdfunding platforms can adopt more flexible approaches to approve financing requests.
Impact investment is an area where I see Islamic Crowdfunding growing rapidly in. The practicing modern Muslim is concerned about Shariah-compliance as much as social impact and environmental responsibility. Our experiences with social housing investment projects in Indonesia is strong proof-of-concept of this, with close to 1,000 investors from 28 countries taking the leap of faith to invest in our campaigns. The majority of our investors are first-time investors in Indonesia and also investing online for the first time. Yet there is a strong and growing demand for our campaigns which we believe is attributable mainly to the social-impact of building houses for the needy.
Many times there are also narrow or specific business activities that are not financed by traditional financial institutions because they are unfamiliar and thus deemed to be complicated or risky. This includes working-capital financing, receivables or invoice-financing, last-mile real estate financing and many others. The digital nature of crowdfunding platforms is such that fewer resources are needed as the company scales up – in stark contrast to how traditional institutions tend to lose productivity for every additional employee taken in. This allows platforms to serve narrower needs with a smaller market size with products that banks and traditional financers may find commercially unattractive. At the same time, once a platform develops an online presence and reputation for funding specific types of deals, it benefits from the network effect where its popularity snowballs its traction, bringing more traffic and business to the platform for it to scale up and have a larger niche market to serve.
5) Can be tailored to the nuances and differences of the Ummah
Crowdfunding essentially matches funders with companies, projects and campaigns. If a funding need has an appeal to a market or segment of potential funders, it can be crowdfunded. Just browse the popular campaigns of the largest platforms and you’ll find all sorts of niche, quirky and sometimes even downright strange campaigns being funded and often-times over-funded. This is a manifestation of one of the unique attributes of the internet – the ability to form online followings or communities with similar interests, and most interestingly the ability for netizens to be part of multiple communities at the same time.
Muslims form one giant global community, with strong fundamental similarities and preferences, and a common identity. At the same time, there are also significant differences in culture, practices and application of Islam. The large and diverse Muslim population is both an opportunity and a challenge for Islamic finance. A blanket standardised approach to Islamic finance may even lead to greater division, with one segment of the community accepting it while another segment rejecting it.
An Islamic Crowdfunding platform can potentially more easily address this by providing customised shariah screening standards. A Muslim can then select their preferred shariah screening standard or even play around with screening parameters to match their preferences or beliefs.
